I know there is flood by hydroxides or sulfides, as well as there have been additionally surface filtration, though what is a many common?
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I’m not sure there is a ‘most common’; the process is specific to the particular chemical to be extracted. Perhaps the ‘most common’ extraction process is the ‘most common’ chemical to be extracted.
Many times a heavy metal in solution is exchanged with a lighter metal (that is non-toxic and safe to dispose). Ion exchange resins are sometimes used for this purpose.
Membrane filtration is not really effective on dissolved heavy metals. These days, industrial wastewater is not really dumped down the drain. It is purified as much as possible, evaporated, and the sludge is taken off to an incinerator or disposed in a hazardous waste unit at great expense. The EPA will not let contaminated wastewater with heavy metals be dumped into the drain.
Precipitation and coagulation will be the most common. Filtration and ion exchange would not be used unless the others don’t work due to the cost. It also depends on the source and concentration of metals as well as the metal itself.